Transport phenomena types of fluids newtonian and non newtonian

Types of fluids:-

Newtonian

Non- newtonian

Newtonian fluids:- the fluids that follow the newtons criteria are called newtonian fluids.  Shear force= Ux/y    where Ux is velocity in x direction. And y is the distance from the layer of minimum velocity.

The variation in velocity is only for certain thinkness after which the velocity is constant ,It is called boundary layer thickness.

boundary layer exists for every fluid. the part of liquid where resistance to flow exists is called boundary layer.

Fluids do not sustain shear stress , they are deformed under the action of external force and eventually flows.

In general when we plot a hydraulic gradient to velocity graph for newtonian fluids we get 3 regions , first for laminar flow, then for transient flow  and the last one for the turbulant flow.

The region of transient flow is never the same for every time the experiment is repeated.

Eddies current:- for laminar flow such internal currents are generated.

Non- newtonian fluids:- that dont follow the newtonian criteria

properties:- apparent velocity depends upon the rate of shear and the previous shear history.

properties of both liquid and solid.

elasticity

heat and mass transfer coefficient are considerably affected by the behavior of the fluid.

2 types of non-newtonian fluids :-shear dependent , time dependent

For some fluids

Shear increases –> μa decreses –>shear thinning

shear increases –> μa increses –> shear thickening

Bingham plastic:- these need a minimum stress level to flow till that is achieved they behave like solids after that they behave like liquids.

Ry= μ( dUx/dy)^1-n         this is power model

n=0 newtonian

n>1 shear thickening

n<1 shear thinning

newtonian fluids

Transport phenomena manometers

Key learning in transport phenomena :-
Unit of viscosity in oil field units is:- centipoise
Dimensional equation:- The eqn having a constant which has units is called a dimensional eqn.
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 ft^3 = 0.0283 m^3
Compressible fluids:- If density changes with pressure and temp. then the fluid is called compressible fluid.
Fluid is a substance that doesnt permanently resist distortion.
Static pressure of fluid flow is measured in the direction parallel to the flow of the fluid.
dynamic pressure is measured in the perpendicular direction to the fluid flow.
Static pressure has to be measured about 50 diameters away from any bends, to get the accurate values.

Transport phenomena dimensional analysis

transport phenomena

DIMENSION ANALYSIS

For the introduction he only told about the uses of DIMENSION ANALYSIS which all of us knows and if ne1 wants it then please let me knw(SAURABH)….

k one thing which he mentioned was about DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS…..

DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS = Group of symbols may be put together , either by theory or based on experiment, that have no net units , these are called dimensionless groups.

No. of dimensionless groups = (No. of variables) – (No. of fundamental dimensions)

eg:   REYNOLD’S NUMBER

STANDARD AND OTHER SYSTEM OF UNITS

———–>    WHAT IS “SLUG“????

SLUG is a unit of MASS in the BRITISH ENGINEERING SYSTEM!!!!

BRITISH ENGINEERING SYSTEM:

In this system MASS is not a FUMDAMENTAL DIMENSION whereas FORCE is a FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSION…..

MASS is derived!!!!

Dimensions used in this system:

L                 F                 T

ft                lb_f s         (ft=feet    lbf=pound force   s=seconds)

1 slug = 1 lb_f / (1 ft/s²)

—-> FOR 1 lb of mass, 1 lb_f force produces 32.1740 ft/s² acceleration

FTS :

In this system FORCE is not a FUMDAMENTAL DIMENSION whereas MASS is a FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSION…..

FORCE is derived!!!!

Dimensions used in this system:

L                 M                 T

ft                 lb                  s       (ft=feet    lb=pound   s=seconds)

—-> FOR 1 lb of mass, 1 POUNDAL produces 1 ft/s² acceleration

where POUNDAL is the force….

F (Pound Force) = ( MASS (Pound) x ACCELERATION (ft/s²) ) / g_c

Pound weight force = Pound force ………..(where g = 32.1740 ft/s²)

Normally in various books problems are solved by using both ‘g_c’ and ‘g’….

Where, g = g_c/32.1740

if you have ne correction to be made in this then please let me know(SAURABH SURYAWANSHI)

Added section:-

Generally to increase the no of dimensions and to differentiate between various entities of same units, L is taken as a vector and is expressed in terms of  (Lx ,Ly,Lz)

work:- M Lx  T^-2  Lx

Torque:- M  Lx  T^-2  Ly

angular velocity:- (Lx/Ly) T^-1

frequency:- T^-1

Shear stress:- F/ Lx  Ly^1/2  Lz^1/2

Scaling of   degree R, degree F, degree C and Kelvin(K) :-

100 delta(degree C) = 180 delta(degree F)

same is for K and degree R

The relation between R and K :- [note: scaling and relation are different terms dont mix them up]

R = 1.8 K